A good example of this is with low-power microservers. In microservers, it is common for the amount of power consumed by the IA cores to be a smaller percentage of the overall platform power. It is also common for these CPUs to run at lower frequencies with smaller voltage dynamic range. Without good voltage scaling, you are better off racing to halt on an individual core and getting into a deep C-state on that core rather than reducing the frequency and voltage of that core alone. Certain processors such as Sandy Bridge, Ivy Bridge, and Avoton provide a single voltage/frequency domain across all cores on a socket.
In addition to controlling thermals through power limiting, the CPU provides thermal management routines that keep the CPU operating within its thermal specifications. These thermal algorithms are enforced during Turbo as well. They are documented in “CPU Thermal Management” section.
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This provided significantly better power efficiency at low system utilizations, since the L3 cache voltage was reduced, saving leakage power. In addition to this, many server workloads saw improved frequency scaling efficiency .
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T-states are a very inefficient way to save power and are generally used exclusively in catastrophic situations to avoid system shutdown or crash. T-states can be requested by the operating system or entered autonomously by the CPU when it detects severe thermal or power constraints.
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On the Sandy Bridge and Ivy Bridge generations, the uncore and cores on a socket were tied together into a single voltage/frequency domain. When the cores changed frequency, the uncore moved with them.
Modern operating systems do not make use of the T-state request infrastructure, but it is maintained for legacy purposes. illustrates the behavior of EDP across generations. In Sandy Bridge, EDP did not exhibit a significant impact on system behavior.
In addition to PL1/PL2, a third constraint was added to the system that can detect power excursions on shorter time constants and throttle with deterministic duty cycles. As a result, exceeding the thermal power budget for a short period of time can be acceptable . These time constants are platform- and workloads-specific, and are typically in the hundreds of milliseconds to seconds. The CPU will protect itself if it detects that temperatures are exceeding the specified limits. Power supplies and the platform can burst to higher power levels for periods of time . These wikidll.com/teamviewer time constants can be increased with additional cost.
This throttling was applied across the entire socket. In other words, if one core was using AVX, all cores were throttled to stay within the limits. Haswell operates in a manner similar to Ivy Bridge. However, separate constraints were included that defined the level of Turbo that was possible when AVX was active.
